Explosion hazards of ammonium nitrate under fire exposure by r. Co in underground mines from ammonium nitrate based explosives and indeed haz ardous concentration levels have been found 11, 14, 18, 1. I know its probably a stupid question,is it any safe to grind ammonium nitrate on a coffee grinder. Organic and oxidizable materials can sensitize dry ammonium nitrate to a readily explodable state. Subscribe to americas largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free. Explosives made of ammonium nitrate, a common form of nitrogen fertilizer, are widely used in industry and have largely replaced dynamite in the blasting of rock for mines and roadcuts, according. Nitrate salts make the color that appears in firework displays. Ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate was the first solid nitrogen n fertilizer produced at a large scale. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Keep in mind, though, that you can buy ammonium nitrate as a pure chemical.
Found 175 cottonseed meal for sale from different cottonseed meal. How to make ammonium nitrate from household chemicals. Hence it is widely used for agricultural as well as blasting purposes. Analysis and trends can be used as a main charge but requires booster for detonation terrorists use al powder in main charges to increase heat output serves to prolong the high pressure of an explosion. Explosives made of ammonium nitrate, a common form of nitrogen fertilizer, are widely used in industry and have largely replaced dynamite in the blasting of. Ammonium nitrate is a rich source of nitrogen and also a strong oxidizing agent. The annual average number of people killed or injured by ammonium nitrate fertilizer bombs the plants have a decided odor caused by gland hairs on the stems and leaves which give off a strongscented oil and stain when broken. Detonation properties of mixtures of ammonium nitrate. Given the national scope of the ammonium nitrate market, the federal dimensions of terrorist bombing incidents, and the u. This damn thing seriously hurt my ears and i felt a huge shockwave on my chest haha it was insane. Pdf ammonium nitrate an primarily is used as a fertilizer but it is also very important compound in the production of industrial explosives. Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound, the nitrate salt of the ammonium cation.
The application of ammonium nitrate in the production of industrial explosives was. Anfo definition is a compound made from ammonium nitrate and fuel oil that is used both as a commercial explosive and in the manufacture of improvised bombs. The brussels attackers used ammonium nitrate bombs, two sources tell nbc news. Ammonium nitrate is an odorless, nearly colorless crystal salt. It is an efficient n source because it contains both nitrate and ammonium and it has a relatively high nutrient content. These include 1 the quantum theory to explain the photoelectric.
It is used as a fertilizer, as a freezing mixture, in safety explosives, matches, and. You can make ammonium nitrate from common household chemicals. Ammonium nitrate is commercially available both as a colorless crystalline solid and processed into prills for specific applications. The ulster volunteer force uvf also made use of anfo bombs, often mixing in gelignite as a booster. It is a white crystalline solid and is highly soluble in water. Examples of le include pipe bombs, gunpowder, and most pure petroleumbased bombs such as molotov cocktails or aircraft improvised as guided missiles. Forshey5 abstract an attempt has been made in this investigation to define the conditions. It has the chemical formula n h 4 n o 3, simplified to n 2 h 4 o 3. It is predominantly used in agriculture as a highnitrogen fertilizer. Le create a subsonic explosion and lack hes overpressurization wave. Introduction to explosives for official use only anal ammonium nitrate and aluminum powder. Ammonium nitratebased blasting agents are nonideal explosivesthat is, they release.
It is created when ammonia gas reacts with nitric acid. Police said an improvised bomb killed one person and injured 32 others in downtown nairobi last month and they believe ammonium nitrate was used. Even if you are careful, ammonium nitrate is an accident waiting to happen. Guidance for compatibility of fertilizer blending materials pdf. The purpose of this research is to optimize an ammonium nitrate based solid rocket propellant with a goal of future use as a suborbital rocket propellant. The book describes the science and technology of formulation and manufacturing of nonnitroglycerine explosives with ammonium nitrate as the main ingredient. This page was last edited on 30 january 2019, at 18. Ammonium nitrate definition of ammonium nitrate by. Cyanosis is clinically detectable when approximately 15% of the haemoglobin has been converted to methaemoglobin. Ammonium nitrate article about ammonium nitrate by the. The easiest way to make ammonium nitrate is simply by reacting nitric acid with ammonia, but if you dont have access to nitric acid or dont want to work with such a dangerous chemical, you can make ammonium nitrate from readily available home chemicals. Do not contaminate any waterway or anybody of water by direct application.
Evaluating the pros and cons of ammonium nitrate fertilizers. Smith, evan rogers, ming yu chemistry department, university of rhode island, kingston, ri 02881, usa. Ppt ammonium nitrate powerpoint presentation free to. Explosives that use ammonium nitrate and a fuel are mostly referred to as anfo explosives, you might find more detailled information by using that term most explosives used in military especially bombs are based on tnt, mostly in the form of tritonal, a mixture of tnt and aluminium powder. In an ideal stechiometrically balanced reaction, anfo is composed of. Ammonium nitrate, a salt of ammonia and nitric acid, used widely in fertilizers and explosives. Ammonium nitrate is a chemical substance with various industrial uses that we encounter more often than we think. It is prepared commercially by reaction of nitric acid and ammonia ammonia, chemical compound, nh 3.
Implications for n management prepared for crop pest management school, 2006 by clain jones, extension. The smooth muscle relaxant effect of nitrate salts may lead to headache, dizziness and marked hypotension. Ammonium nitrate explosives for civil applications wiley. Normally, i recommend trial and error as a development methodology in a case like this, but heres a tip. Generally, only outdated bombs use anfo explosives due to their low price. Pdf detonation performance of aluminumammonium nitrate. Free gibbs enthalpy and temperatures of combustion predictions. Using ammonium nitrate in gardens and large scale agricultural fields enhances plant growth and provides a ready supply of nitrogen from which plants can draw. For this technique, youll need a cold pack, a piece of old newspaper containing numerous sheets or pages, and a bucket.
When it is heated gently, it turns into water and nitrous oxide. From the safety point of view explosive properties of an are a disadvantage. Free and immobilised cultures were prepared with an inoculum size of. Such regulations shall be carried out by the cybersecurity and infrastructure security agency. How to develop an extremely lethal bomb using ammonium.
Ammonium nitrate can react with certain elements, such as copper, to form compounds which are known to act as a catalyst and enhance the decomposition of ammonium nitrate and increase the chances of a significant thermal event. The explosive properties of an are relatively low, but its mixtures with many fuels are typical. Optimization of an ammonium nitrate based solid rocket. Pdf ammonium nitrate explosion hazards researchgate. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer is a simple compound to make. Ammonium nitrate pumps wilfley heavy duty centrifugal. In a deep borehole, pressure in the bottom can alter an explosives density by causing microballoons to be crushed. An ideal rocket propellant burns all of the reactants very quickly and at high temperatures 1500 3500 kelvin, releasing a lot of energy in a very short amount of time.
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Supreme courts broad interpretation of the commerce clause, there is a strong likelihood that regulations controlling the distribution and sale of packaged ammonium nitrate or other common explosive chemicals would. Buy products related to ammonium nitrate fertilizer products and see what customers say about ammonium nitrate fertilizer products on. One lb fills a block nicely with thick white smoke. Ammonium nitrate simple english wikipedia, the free. The procedure of formulating a smoke bomb using ammonium nitrate as the chief ingredient is engrossing as well. Ammonium nitrate nh4no3 or h4n2o3 cid 22985 structure, chemical. Ammonium nitrate based explosives were used in the sterling hall bombing in madison, wisconsin, 1970, the. A dirty bomb can be made from traditional dynamite, trinitrotoluene tnt, ammonium nitrate, or a variety of other explosive materials. The quality and quantity of fumes produced appears to depend upon a number of factors such as explosive composition, product expansion, method of priming, length of charge, and confinement. The ammonium nitrate is like the engine behind the explosion, but the engine needs fuel, goodpaster told lifes little mysteries. Homemade explosives based in ammonium and urea nitrates core.
Ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate, polyurethane binder, homemade explosives. Potential of common explosive chemicals for use in large bombs. Using hth pool chlorine 2 parts and nonsilicone brake fluid 3 parts makes one hell of a smoke bomb. If you followed the tutorial on how to make a smoke bomb. Does not readily burn but will do so if contaminated with combustible material. In the damp winter it picked up moisture, compacted, caked and hardened. Ammonium nitrate and aluminum sulfate bomb youtube. In the 1920s, the ammonium nitrate manufactured at the birthplace of the haberbosch process the ammonia works in oppau in germany was stored in a warehouse. Ammonium nitrate s disappearance and record high n prices. The secretary shall regulate the sale and transfer of ammonium nitrate by an ammonium nitrate facility in accordance with this part to prevent the misappropriation or use of ammonium nitrate in an act of terrorism.
The anfo car bomb was adopted by the provisional ira in 1972 and, by 1973, the troubles were consuming 47,000 lb of ammonium nitrate for the majority of bombs. David rogers 2 ernest rutherford 18711937 the fission dream 1907 while working at the swiss patent office in bern, albert einstein publishes three articles in the german publication annals of physics. Detonation performance of aluminium ammonium nitrate explosives. Ammonium nitrate definition of ammonium nitrate by the. Detonation performance of aluminumammonium nitrate explosives article pdf available in central european journal of energetic materials 5 january 2008 with. During a raid on a residence linked to the suspects, officials found.
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